{"id":377,"date":"2017-09-28T10:33:47","date_gmt":"2017-09-28T10:33:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/blog\/?p=377"},"modified":"2021-04-23T12:34:28","modified_gmt":"2021-04-23T07:04:28","slug":"constitutional-issues","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/blog\/constitutional-issues\/","title":{"rendered":"CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES"},"content":{"rendered":"<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><u><b>Criminal Defamation<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">It is defined under sec 499 and Sec 500. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">They key arguments against sections 499 and 500 IPC are that they are not reasonable restriction on speech. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">For example, if a person speaks truth, then truth will only be a defence if the statement was made for the public good. Otherwise, a person can be prosecuted for defamation even for speaking truth<br \/><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">There are two types of defamation: Civil and Criminal<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">In criminal defamation there is physical punishment. Whereas in civlidifamation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Criminal defamation restricts freedom of expression especially in political matters.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Hence various political parties filed a petition to decriminalize defamation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">But SC rejected the viewpoint of decriminalizing Criminal defamation law because of two reasons: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">(a) It will affect the fraternity word in the preamble. Right to reputation is integral part of Right to life.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">(b) The socio economic condition of India is not fit for civil defamation as everybody cannot afford financial penalties.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<table style=\"height: 194px;\" border=\"1\" width=\"763\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"7\"><colgroup> <col width=\"290\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"TOP\" width=\"290\" height=\"100\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><b>Section 499 of IPC- Defamation<\/b>. Whoever, by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs or by visible representations, makes or publishes any imputation concerning any person intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm, the reputation of such person, is said, except in the cases hereinafter expected, to defame that person.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>Section 500 IPC. Punishment for defamation<\/b><\/span> \u2014 Whoever defames another shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><b>Section 66A of IT says<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the Supreme Court ruled that Section 66A of the Information Technology Act is unconstitutional in its entirety and strike down a provision that had led to the arrests of many people for posting content deemed to be \u201callegedly objectionable\u201d on the Internet.<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>What is the sec 66A? <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Any person who sends, by means of a computer resource or a communication device<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Any information that is grossly offensive or has menacing character; or<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Any false information for causing annoyance, inconvenience, danger, obstruction, insult, injury, criminal intimidation, enmity, hatred or ill will.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Any electronic mail or electronic mail message to mislead the addressee or recipient about the origin of such messages shall be punishable with imprisonment up to three years and with fine.&#8221;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>Key Argument <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Section 66A provides punishment for sending offensive messages through communication services.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">The law was amended in 2008 and received Presidential assent on February 5, 2009.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Section 66A (b) is even more problematic than Section 66A (a) because it restrict freedom of speech and criminalise the causing of annoyance, inconvenience, insult or ill will.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">It could be a criminal offence if it amounts to defamation. However, insulting someone or causing inconvenience\u00a0per se\u00a0cannot surely be a crime in itself either in the real or virtual world.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><b>Section 295A of IPC<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><b style=\"font-size: small; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\">What is section 295 A of IPC?<\/b><\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>In Ramji Lal Modivs State of UP<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">, decided in 1957, tSec 295 A is valid as long as there is intention and potential to cause public disorder.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>Shreya Singhalvs Union of India<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">, the Supreme Court held that only \u201cincitement\u201d to violence could be prohibited under the public order ground, and even advocacy (of revolution, etc.) was permitted. Under a standard as strict as that of \u201cincitement\u201d, it is difficult to see how the language of Section 295A, which was upheld in the Modi case on the basis of a broad and vague \u201ctendency\u201d test, remains within the scope of Article 19(2).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>Cases when it was in News: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">KikuSharda case, Mahisasura episode of JNU, AIB show, <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>Court\u2019s Judgment<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Section 295A of the IPC penalizes insulting the religion or religious beliefs of any class of citizens, if such insult is offered with the deliberate and malicious intention of outraging the religious feelings of that class.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Even at the time, the drafting committee voiced its doubts about the wide wording of the section, and predicted that it might come to be used to target not just the \u201cscurrilous scribbler\u201d, but also religious dissent and critique. History has proven those fears justified.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">It is regarding Religious hate speech or Blasphemy. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"en-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Section 295A of the IPC penalizes insulting the religion or religious beliefs of any class of citizens, if such insult is offered with the deliberate and malicious intention of outraging the religious feelings of that class.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Challenges of Anti blasphemetic Law<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"> :<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>In Ramji Lal Modivs State of UP<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">, decided in 1957, tSec 295 A is valid as long as there is intention and potential to cause public disorder.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><b>Uniform Civil Code and Triple Talaque<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>In News<\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>: <\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">The brave fight put up by Muslim women against the practice of triple talaq has once again brought into focus the lack of a uniform civil code in India.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>Shreya Singhalvs Union of India<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">, the Supreme Court held that only \u201cincitement\u201d to violence could be prohibited under the public order ground, and even advocacy (of revolution, etc.) was permitted. Under a standard as strict as that of \u201cincitement\u201d, it is difficult to see how the language of Section 295A, which was upheld in the Modi case on the basis of a broad and vague \u201ctendency\u201d test, remains within the scope of Article 19(2).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">It means a set of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>common personal laws<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"> for all citizens. Currently, for example, there are different personal laws for Hindus and Muslims.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Personal law covers property, marriage and divorce, inheritance and succession.<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Accommodation of various ideas\/beliefs and consensus building should be the key rather than legal enforcement of a uniform set of norms. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">The society must be slowed reformed and no manner of coercion must be exercised.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">The fears among the minority community of majority domination must be adequately allayed and all apprehensions addressed.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">The idea of uniform civil code is against secularism ideals as it involves the state interfering in religious matters.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Views against UCC:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Inconsistency in personal laws runs contrary to Right to Equality.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Article 25 empowers state to regulate \u201csecular activity which may be associated with religious practices.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">It is true spirit of secularism as religion is a personal matter so laws should be common for all religions.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Needed to protect vulnerable sections of the society from abuses of the personal laws; For eg. Triple Talaque, Prohibition of entry of Women Inside the place of worship, <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b style=\"font-size: small; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\">Argument for UCC<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Right to worship or to practice religion should not be confused with individual rights relating to inheritance, marriage or divorce.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Uniform Civil code is enshrined as article 44, as part of the Directive Principles of States policy, in the Indian Constitution.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">It makes the implementation of the Uniform Civil Code as a duty of the state.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><b>Jallikattu Debate<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Jallikattu also known as <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>Eruthazuvathal <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">is a bull taming sport played in Tamil Nadu as a\u00a0part of Pongal celebrations\u00a0on <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>Mattu Pongal day.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">During Jallikattu, various cruel means are adopted to scare and anger the bull. It also causes some human casualties. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b style=\"font-size: small; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\">Challenges<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">It derived from the words \u2018calli\u2019 (coins) and \u2018kattu\u2019 (tie). In Jallikattu, the objective is to obtain the \u2018Jallikattu\u2019 a pouch which contains the reward coins called \u2018Jalli\u2019 tied to the horns of the bulls.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">While the players are not allowed to carry weapons bulls are equipped with a pair of sharp horns. Thus it\u2019s actually the bull which has the upper hand in this match.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Jallikattu use only native breed of cows and it protected from going extinct which is a huge problem for western cattle industry.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>What started as a simple act of bravado has become an act of cruelty towards animals.<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Supreme court in 2014 banned the sport jallikattu as it violates provisions of\u00a0Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (PCA) <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Article 21 (Right to Life) prohibits any disturbance to the environment, including animals, considered essential for human life.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b style=\"font-size: small; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\">View of SC<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Under Article 51 A <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1644544\/\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">(g)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00a0of the constitution it is the duty of every citizen of India to protect the wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 231px;\" border=\"1\" width=\"766\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"7\"><colgroup> <col width=\"299\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"TOP\" width=\"299\" height=\"117\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Enacted by Parliament to prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">As per the provisions of the law the government of India formed the Animal Welfare Board of India.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">The act however makes a provision as respects manner of killing prescribed by religion&#8221; : <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Nothing contained in this Act shall render it an offence to kill any animal in a manner required by the religion of any community.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><b>Cow Slaughter and Beef Ban<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Except 7 States (Mostly North Easter) and UTs all other remaining States and UTs have already enacted laws to prevent the slaughter of cow and its progeny in one form or another.<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>Item 15 of the State List <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">lays down \u201cPreservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases; veterinary training and practice\u201d are within the exclusive powers of the State legislatures.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">There is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">no Central law on this subject however certain constitution provisions under <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>Articles 249, 250, 252 and 253 <\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">which may allow a Central law on a subject under certain situations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>Article 48<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"> of the Constitution lays down a directive principle of state policy which directs that- \u201cThe State shall take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>Article 48A<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">&#8211; The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>Under Article 51 A <\/b><\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1644544\/\"><span style=\"color: #00000a;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>(g)<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00a0of the constitution it is the duty of every citizen of India to protect the wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Therefore, it should be clear at the outset itself that the Constitution itself requires the State to enact laws to ban cow slaughter, and to protect the environment \/ forests \/ wild-life of the country.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b style=\"font-size: small; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\">Constitutional Provisions<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">However there are many variations among state laws for ban on slaughter of calf, bulls and bullocks.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b style=\"font-size: small; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\">Supreme Court Judgments<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">In <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><i><b>Mohd. Hanif Quareshi v. State of Bihar<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">5-judge Constitution bench SC <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">held: A total ban on the slaughter of cows of all ages and calves of cows and calves of she-buffaloes, male or female, was quite reasonable and valid and is in consonance with the directive principles laid down in Article 48;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">A total ban on the slaughter of buffaloes, breeding bulls ,working bullocks and milch or draught cattle was also reasonable and valid.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">A total ban on slaughter of buffaloes, bulls, bullocks after they ceased to be capable of yielding milk or of breeding or working as draught animals <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>could not be supported<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"> as reasonable in the interests of the general public, and was invalid.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Moreover, the challenge to the constitutional validity of the said laws on the basis of the right to equality under Article 14 was also clearly rejected by the Supreme Court.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">In an important case of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i><b>State of Gujarat v. Mirzapur Moti Kureshi Kassab Jamat<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>, (2005) <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">a 7-judge Constitution bench (Under Chief Justice R.C. Lahoti) of the Supreme Court held that cow progeny is needed in the interest of the nation\u2019s economy. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Merely because it may cause \u201cinconvenience\u201d or some \u201cdislocation\u201d to the butchers, restriction imposed earlier judgment does not cease to be in the interest of the general public. The former must yield to the latter.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><b>Minority Institutions<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>In News<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><b>: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">In January, the central government reversed the stand of its predecessor Government and decided not to support minority status for Aligarh Muslim University or Jamia Millia Islamia.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b style=\"font-size: small; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\">Constitutional Provisions:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Article 30(1) recognizes linguistic and religious minorities but not those based on race, ethnicity.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">The National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act (for short the \u2018Act\u2019) has been enacted to safeguard the educational rights of the minorities enshrined in Article 30(1) of the Constitution.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">According to the act \u201cMinority Educational Institution\u201d means a college or institution (other than a University) <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>established or maintained<\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> by a person or group of persons from amongst the minorities.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">A majority community can also establish and administer educational institution but they will not enjoy special rights under Article 30(1)(a).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b style=\"font-size: small; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\">Supreme Court\u2019s Judgments:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">T.M.A. Pai Foundation vs. State of Karnataka (11 judge Const. Bench) held that status of minority for a community will be determinable only by demography of the State and not by country as a whole.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">In Azeez Basha vs. Union of India case SC held that to claim the benefit of article 30(1) such institution must be <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>established and administered <\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">by the community (OR replaced by AND).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Analysis of Azeez Basha case means that a religious or linguistic minority is debarred from establishing a university.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">In St Stephens vs. Delhi University case, 1992, SC ruled that MEIs can have 50% seats reserved for minorities.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><u><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b style=\"font-size: small; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\">Stand of the government<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Minority status to AMU or any institution set up by parliament or state is contrary to Article 15 of the Constitution, which prohibits discrimination by state on grounds of religion<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">These institutions are \u201cunconstitutional\u201d and \u201cillegal\u201d as they are discriminating against SC, ST and OBC using the minority tag.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><b>Issue of Sedition 124 A<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">The Constitution of India does not define the word sedition. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Drafted by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-india-20637124\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>Thomas Macaulay<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">, it was introduced in the 1870s, originally to deal with &#8220;increasing Wahabi activities between 1863 and 1870 that posed a challenge to the colonial government&#8221;.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>According to Section 124-A of the IPC:<\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> \u201cWhoever, by any means of presentation brings or attempts to bring into hatred, contempt or excites disaffection towards the Government established by law in India will consider as offence of sedition. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">The <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>word disaffection\u2019<\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> in this section includes disloyalty and feelings of enmity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">In the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>Ram Nandan vs. State <\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">case the Allahabad High Court\u00a0held section 124-A to be unconstitutional citing that the section restricts freedom of speech (Article 19).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">However decision of the Allahabad High Court was overruled by Supreme Court in the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b> (1962)<\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Argument against section 124A<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Supreme Court in <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Kedarnath Singh v State of Bihar <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">has warned against the arbitrary use of sedition law.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">It ruled that criticism against\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b>the government policies and decisions<\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> within a reasonable limit that does not incite people to rebel is consistent with freedom of speech and expression.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">It has been used arbitrarily to curb dissent particularly by the independent intellectual thinkers. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">The draconian nature of this law\u2014non-bailable, non-cognisable and punishment that can extend for life\u2014 has a strong deterrent effect on dissent even if it is not used.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 align=\"JUSTIFY\"><strong>Classic IAS Academy<\/strong> :<\/h2>\n<p>The Classic IAS Academy is regarded as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/\"><strong>Best IAS Academy in Delhi<\/strong><\/a>. The Academy steadily works towards realizing the dreams of both the Hindi and English students to participate in the civil service examination. The Academy also conducts seminars and workshops with the help of experts in order to train the student to think, feel and express like civil servants.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>Tags:\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/\">Best IAS Coaching in Delhi<\/a>\u00a0 |\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/ias-mock-interview.php\" target=\"_blank\">IAS Mock Interview<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Best Civil Service Coaching Delhi<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/best-upsc-coaching-in-delhi\" target=\"_blank\">Best UPSC Coaching Online<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Top Online IAS Coaching In Delhi<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Best IAS Institute In Delhi<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/best-upsc-coaching-in-delhi\" target=\"_blank\">Online UPSC Coaching<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Best IAS Coaching in Delhi<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/best-upsc-coaching-in-delhi\" target=\"_blank\">Top UPSC Coaching in Karol Bagh<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/online-ias-coaching\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/online-ias-coaching\">Online Civil Service Exam Preparation<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Criminal Defamation It is defined under sec 499 and Sec 500. They key arguments against sections 499 and 500 IPC are that they are not <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/blog\/constitutional-issues\/\" title=\"CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES\">    [read more]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":378,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[84],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Best IAS Institute in Delhi, Best ias coaching in delhi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Best IAS Institute in Delhi \u2013 Classic IAS Academy is the best IAS Academy and Institute for civil services examination in Delhi for the students.\" 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