{"id":244,"date":"2016-10-07T09:07:19","date_gmt":"2016-10-07T09:07:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/blog\/?p=244"},"modified":"2024-06-07T17:17:58","modified_gmt":"2024-06-07T11:47:58","slug":"securing-the-indus-treaty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/blog\/securing-the-indus-treaty\/","title":{"rendered":"Securing the Indus Treaty"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In Asia, the vast majority of the 57 transnational river basins have no water-sharing arrangement or any other cooperative mechanism. India, however, has water-sharing treaties with both the countries located downstream to it, Pakistan and Bangladesh. These treaties govern the subcontinent\u2019s two largest rivers, Indus and Ganges. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">By contrast, China, despite its unrivalled international status as the source of river flows to more than a dozen countries, stands out for not having a single water-sharing arrangement with any co-riparian state.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Significantly, India\u2019s treaties with Pakistan and Bangladesh are the only pacts in Asia with specific water-sharing formulas on cross-border flows. They also set a new principle in international water law. The 1996 Ganges treaty set a new standard by guaranteeing delivery of specific water quantities in the critical dry season.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>India\u2019s Indus largesse<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Indus treaty stands out as the world\u2019s most generous water-sharing arrangement by far, in terms of both the sharing ratio (80.52 per cent of the aggregate water flows in the Indus system reserved for Pakistan) and the total volume of basin waters for the downstream state (Pakistan gets 90 times greater volume of water than Mexico\u2019s share under a 1944 pact with the U.S.). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It is the first and only treaty that goes beyond water sharing to partitioning rivers. It drew a virtual line on the map of India to split the Indus Basin into upper and lower parts, limiting India\u2019s full sovereignty rights to the lower section and reserving for Pakistan the upper rivers of Jammu and Kashmir \u2014 the so-called \u201cwestern rivers.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Today, it remains the only inter-country water agreement in the world embodying the doctrine of restricted sovereignty, which seeks to compel an upriver state to defer to the interests of a downstream state. Treaty curbs, for example, obviate any Indian control over the timing or quantum of the Pakistan-earmarked rivers\u2019 trans-boundary flows.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Indus River<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>The trans-boundary Indus river basin is distributed between Pakistan (47 percent), India (39 percent), China (8 percent) and Afghanistan (6 percent). The Indus river basin stretches from the Himalayan Mountains in the north to the dry alluvial plains of Sindh province in Pakistan in the south and finally flows out into the Arabian Sea.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>In Pakistan, the Indus river basin covers around 65 percent of the territory, comprising the whole of the provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and most of the territory of Sindh province and the eastern part of Balochistan. The drainage area lying in India is nearly 14 percent of the total area of the country, in the States of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana and Chandigarh. Only about 14 percent of the total catchment area of the basin lies in China, covering just 1 percent of the area of the country, and Afghanistan, where it accounts for 11 percent of the country\u2019s area.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Indus River<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>\u00a0rises from Mansarovar in Tibet.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Given that water is J&amp;K\u2019s main natural resource and essential for economic development, the gifting of its river waters to Pakistan by treaty has fostered popular grievance there. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The J&amp;K government in 2011 hired an international consultant to assess the State\u2019s cumulative economic losses, estimated to be hundreds of millions of dollars annually, from the treaty-imposed fetters on water utilization. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Demands in the J&amp;K legislature for revision or abrogation of the Indus treaty are growing since a resolution seeking a treaty review was passed in 2003. The backlash from underdevelopment, made worse by a Pakistan-abetted insurrection, has prompted New Delhi to embark on several modestly sized, run-of-the-river hydropower projects in J&amp;K to address chronic electricity shortages.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Pakistan\u2019s obstructionist tactics<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Run-of-the-river projects are permitted by the Indus treaty within defined limits. But Pakistan wants no Indian works on the three \u201cwestern rivers\u201d and seeks international intercession by invoking the treaty\u2019s dispute-settlement provisions, which permit a neutral-expert assessment or the constitution of a seven-member arbitral tribunal. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">By aiming to deny J&amp;K the limited benefits permissible under the treaty, Pakistan wishes to further its strategy to foment discontent and violence there.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This Pakistani strategy was exemplified in 2010 when it instituted international arbitration proceedings over India\u2019s 330-megawatt hydropower project on <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>a small Indus tributary, the Kishenganga (known as Neelum in Pakistan).<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> It persuaded the arbitral tribunal in 2011 to order India to suspend work on the project. With Indian work suspended, Pakistan ramped up construction of its own three-times-larger, Chinese-aided hydropower plant on the same river so as to stake a priority right on river-water use.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The tribunal\u2019s final ruling in late 2013 represented a setback for India. It allowed India to resume work on the Kishenganga project but with a stiff condition that India ensures a minimum flow of 9 cumecs of water for Pakistan. Prescribing such a minimum flow went beyond the treaty\u2019s terms and the laws of nature.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">More importantly, the arbitrators separately delivered a general prohibition against drawdown flushing in all new Indian hydropower projects. In a 2007 decision on the earlier <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Baglihar case<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> instituted by Pakistan, an international neutral expert held that gated spillways to help flush out silt were consistent with the treaty\u2019s provisions. Yet the arbitrators, disregarding the Baglihar decision and the common international practice of constructing spillway outlets to control silt build-up, issued a prohibition that potentially affects the commercial viability of all future run-of-the-river projects in J&amp;K.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Pakistan\u2019s move to institute new arbitration proceedings over the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Kishenganga and Ratle projects<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is a fresh reminder as to how India\u2019s unparalleled water generosity has engendered unending trouble for it. In 1960, India thought it was trading water for peace by signing the treaty. Within five years of the treaty\u2019s entry into force, Pakistan launched a war to grab the Indian part of J&amp;K in 1965.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Today, Pakistan\u2019s water relationship with India is becoming murkier due to China\u2019s construction of dams in Pakistan-held Kashmir. While railing against India\u2019s small-sized projects, Pakistan is pursuing mega-dams, such as the 7,000-megawatt <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Bunji Dam<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and the 4,500-megawatt <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Bhasha Dam<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. By way of comparison, the biggest dam India has built since Independence is the 2,000-megawatt Tehri project in Uttarakhand.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i><b>Onus on Islamabad<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Pakistan, by waging a constant propaganda battle against India on the waters issue, risks undermining the Indus treaty. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">And by repeatedly invoking the treaty\u2019s conflict-resolution provisions to bring on international intercession, it risks sending the wrong message to India \u2014 that compliance with treaty obligations and arbitration decisions is counterproductive. In the absence of an enforcement mechanism in international law, nothing can stop India from emulating the example of the major powers.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Pakistan insists on rights without responsibilities. In fact, its use of state-reared terrorist groups can be invoked by India, under Article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as constituting reasonable grounds for withdrawal from the Indus treaty.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The International Court of Justice has upheld the principle that a treaty may be dissolved by reason of a fundamental change of circumstances.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Conclusion:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3b3a39;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If Pakistan wishes to preserve the Indus treaty, despite its diminishing returns for India, it will have to strike a balance between its right to keep utilizing the bulk of the river system\u2019s waters and a corresponding obligation (enshrined in international law) not to cause \u201cpalpable harm\u201d to its co-riparian state by exporting terror.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Classic IAS Academy<\/span> <\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>The Classic IAS Academy is very popular <a href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/best-upsc-coaching-in-delhi\"><strong>Best IAS Institute in Delhi<\/strong><\/a>. The Classic IAS Academy is aimed to develop amongst its students a competitive attitude along with sound academic base with quality teaching. The Academy prepared students with greater knowledge and inculcates in them the capacity to think positively and act purposively.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>In Asia, the vast majority of the 57 transnational river basins have no water-sharing arrangement or any other cooperative mechanism. India, however, has water-sharing treaties <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.classiciasacademy.com\/blog\/securing-the-indus-treaty\/\" title=\"Securing the Indus Treaty\">    [read more]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":245,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[84],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Classic IAS Academy is very popular Best IAS Institute in Delhi.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Top IAS Coaching in Delhi \u2013 Classic IAS Academy is the best IAS Academy and Institute for civil services examination in Delhi for the students.\" \/>\n<meta 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